Martin Barker: Effects theory
He argues that watching films, even those with violence, in provide practices of pleasure which include:
- Physical satisfaction
- Being part of a crowd
- Creating imaginative worlds
- Game-playing and role-playing
- Taking risks
- Rule-breaking and defying convention
- Confirming membership of communities of response
- Critical appreciation.
A key point about these practices of pleasure is that they all involve some kind of preparation.
David Morrison: 3 types of Violence
What his research showed was that it is not particular acts which make a programme seem violent, but the context in which they occur.
- Playful violence is clearly acted violence, and is seen as unreal. The violence looks staged, and has little significance beyond its entertainment value. It is invariably seen as violence that cannot assault the senses.
- Depicted violence is violence that is characterised by 'realism'. It attempts to depict violence as it would appear in real life. It often includes close-up shots of injury, and is very graphic. This can indeed assault the sensibilities.
- Authentic violence is violence set in a world that the viewer can recognise. A classic case would be domestic violence. Violence in a pub or shopping precinct might be other examples. It is closer to the life of the viewer than other forms of violence. It has the possibility of assaulting the senses very strongly indeed.
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